三个矮杆小麦的矮生性遗传研究

通过与事国春杂交,利用杂交后代Ｆ２和回交后代ＢＣ１Ｐ１及ＢＣ２Ｐ２,研究了三个小麦新矮杆品系和矮生性遗传特性。结果表明,０００４的矮生性受一对部分显性矮杆基因控制,５７４６和７５３９－各受两对部分显性矮杆基因控制。     

关中小麦品种产量构成因素的相互关系和产量育种目标

对关中地区不同年代及当前大面积推广的小麦品种（系）的产量及其构成因素进行了遗传分析和通径分析。结果表明：陕西关中地区近期小麦品种的产量育种目标的趋势是在提高现有穗粒数的基础上,保持现有的穗数（７００万／ｈｍ＾２）及千粒重（３８ｇ左右）,以求在提高品种产量潜力的同时,保持或增加品种的稳定性能;或是大幅度提高穗粒数（３５粒左右）,适当提高千粒重（４０ｇ左右）,适当降低穗数（６００万／ｈｍ＾２左右）,以     

RFLP patterns of gliadin alleles in Triticum aestivum L.: implications for analysis of the organization and evolution of complex loci

A correspondence between RFLP patterns and gliadin alleles at the Gli-1 and Gli-2 loci was established in a set of 70 common wheat (T.aestivum L.) cultivars using -gliadin (K32) and -gliadin (pTU1) specific probes. All Gli-B1 and Gli-D1 alleles which differed in encoded -gliadins showed definite RFLP patterns after hybridization with the K32 probe. Two groups of Gli-B1 alleles, Gli-B1b-like and Gli-B1e-like, were identified, and these could originate from distinct genotypes of the presumptive donor of the B-genome. Intralocus recombination and/or gene conversion as well as small deletions, gene silencing and gene amplification were assumed to be responsible for the origin of new gliadin alleles. Silent -gliadin sequences were shown to exist in all of the genotypes studied. K32 also differentiated Gli-A1a from all other Gli-A1 alleles as well as the Gli-B11 allele in cultivars carrying the 1B/1R (wheat/rye) translocation. PTU1 was shown to recognize several Gli-A2 alleles, but not the Gli-B2 or Gli-D2 alleles. Moreover, this probe hybridized to chromosome 1R sequences suggesting the existence of rye gene(s), probably silent, for -gliadin-like proteins on chromosome 1R.     

Genetic variation at storage protein-coding loci of common wheat (cv ‘Chinese Spring’) induced by nitrosoethylurea and by the cultivation of immature embryos in vitro

Electrophoretic patterns of seed storage proteins, the high-molecular-weight glutenins and gliadins, were studied in 468 plants of the common wheat cultivar Chinese Spring regenerated from callus culture of immature embryos, in 115 plants grown from seeds treated with nitrosoethylurea and in 260 control plants. From 5 to 21 single grains were analysed from each plant. In these three groups, the frequency of inherited mutations causing the loss of all proteins controlled by a locus (null-mutations, probably caused by a chromosomal deficiency) was 0.69%, 2.07%, and 0.05% per locus (the differences were statistically significant), respectively, while that of mutations causing the loss of a single protein band was 0.11%, 0.33%, and 0.05%, respectively. The loss of all of the gliadins controlled by Gli-B1 or GH-B2 (mutations were probably caused by a deletion of satellites of the corresponding chromosomes), was significantly higher than the loss of gliadins controlled by genomes A and D. Gene mutations altering the electrophoretic mobility of a single protein band in the pattern were found only in the second group of plants (0.44%). Therefore, chemical mutagenesis which produced not only more mutations than cultivation of immature wheat embryos in vitro, but also a higher ratio of mutations that altered DNA sequences, can be considered as an easier and comparatively more promising way for obtaining new improved variants of loci controlling biochemical characteristics in wheat. Somaclonal variation, on the other hand, was probably mainly caused by chromosomal abnormalities and could therefore hardly be considered as a useful tool in wheat breeding.     

Morphological and cytological characteristics of some wheat x barley hybrids

As initial step in the transfer of dwarf bunt resistance from barley into wheat, the two cereal crops were hybridized. Using the wheat cultivars Fukuhokomugi and Chinese Spring (AABBDD genomes) as female parents and barley cultivar Luther (II genome) as male, we synthesized 9 euploid hybrids (2n = 4x = 28; ABDI genomes). The hybrids were vigorous, but highly sterile. Meiotic analyses of seven hybrids showed considerable variation in chromosome pairing. Of the hybrids involving Fukuhokomugi 3 had high pairing with a mean of 5.08–6.72 chiasmata per cell, while others had 2.16–3.52 chiasmata per cell. As many as 12 bivalents in some pollen mother cells would suggest at least some pairing between wheat and barley chromosomes. This level of homoeologous pairing, coupled with some, albeit low, female fertility of the F₁ hybrids, could offer an opportunity for intergeneric gene transfers from barley into wheat and vice versa.     

Sucrose metabolism during endosperm development in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

This work reports changes in sucrose synthase and invertase activities throughout endosperm development in wheat, together with the associated substrates and metabolites, sucrose, UDP, glucose, fructose and UDP-glucose. Throughout endosperm development, sucrose synthase had consistently higher activity than invertase and indeed invertase activity did not change appreciably. The observed variation in pattern and amounts of glucose and fructose present during the mid- and late stages of endosperm development confirmed the suggestion that invertase was not the preferred pathway of sucrose catabolism. Kinetic parameters for sucrose synthase were determined in crude extracts. Estimates of UDP and sucrose concentrations suggest that sucrose synthase is unlikely to achieve its potential maximum velocity. This limitation may however be overcome in part by the apparent excess catalytic activity measured during endosperm development.     

Plastid development in germinating wheat (Triticum aestivum) is enhanced by gibberellic acid and delayed by gabaculine

Etioplast development and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) accumulation was studied in wheat seedlings ( Triticum aestivum L. cv. Walde, Weibull) grown in darkness on gibberellic acid (GA₃), gabaculine (3-amino-2,3-dihydrobenzoic acid), or on a combination of the two. The results were compared with the features of seedlings grown on water only. GA₃ enhanced shoot growth and promoted etioplast development. A correlation was observed between the appearance of prolamellar bodies (PLBs) and of phototransformable Pchlide. Gabaculine, a known tetrapyrrole biosynthesis inhibitor, delayed growth, slowed down the rate of PLB formation and caused structural alterations of the etioplasts up to 48 h of germination. Gabaculine also delayed the formation of phototransformable Pchlide as well as overall Pchlide biosynthesis, as determined by low-temperature fluorescence emission in vivo. The spectral blue-shift of newly formed chlorophyllide (Chlide) was delayed in irradiated dark-grown gabaculine-grown seedlings, indicating an inhibited dissociation of Chlide and NADPH-Pchlide oxidoreductase (Pchlide reductase: EC 1.3.1.33). Thus there is a close correlation between accumulation of Pchlide and etioplast development, also under conditions when development is enhanced or delayed.     

Changes in radiocaesium uptake and distribution in wheat during plant development: a solution culture study

Spring wheat plants were grown in a ¹³⁷Cs labelled nutrient solution, either in the presence or absence of NH₄ as a secondary N source. Between 11 and 64 days after sowing (DAS), plants were harvested on nine occasions. The plants supplied with NH₄ and NO₃ had lower root ¹³⁷Cs Activity Concentrations (AC) than those supplied with NO₃ only. Shoot AC were equal in both nutrition treatments. Shoot and root ¹³⁷Cs AC (dry weight basis) showed the same trends with plant age in both nutrition treatments. Shoot AC almost doubled between 11 and 28 DAS after which they gradually decreased concomitant with a similar decrease in K concentrations. Root AC were always higher than shoot AC and increased to a maximum at 35 DAS after which they fluctuated. Expressed on a tissue water basis, the ¹³⁷Cs AC varied less during plant age than did dry weight based AC. Furthermore, root and shoot AC expressed on a tissue water basis were almost equal. It is shown that the initial increase in ¹³⁷Cs AC in both root and shoot can largely be explained by the initial dilution of absorbed ¹³⁷Cs in the unlabelled seedling tissues. No correlation was found between K and ¹³⁷Cs distribution among ears, leaves, stems and roots in 64 old wheat plants. NH₄ as a secondary N source in a nitrate nutrient solution marginally affected ¹³⁷Cs distribution.Abbreviations AC activity concentrations - DAS days after sowing FAX no corresponding author: +3216321997     

Protein 1a: A major wheat germ agglutinin binding protein on the surface of human granulocytes associated with the cytoskeleton

Lectin-receptors on leukocyte and endothelial surfaces are becoming more important in the light of increasing evidence which implicates lectin-carbohydrate interactions in diverse physiological phenomena. This study reports the identification of a major 118 kDa granulocyte surface protein, (Protein 1a) which binds the lectin wheat germ agglutinin (WGA), and is distinctly different from reported WGA binding granulocyte membrane proteins. Protein 1a has been isolated from the Triton-soluble and Triton-insoluble lysates of normal individuals and patients with Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) using a combination of differential solubilization, lectin affinity, ion exchange chromatography and HPLC. The protein from the detergent lysates of both normal and CML granulocytes has similar pI values, lectin affinities, and hydrophobicity. However, its solubility in Triton is different in the two cell types. In 71% of CML cases examined, Protein 1a exhibits decreased Triton solubility suggesting its increased association with the cytoskeleton (CSK). Stimulation of normal granulocytes with WGA leads to the translocation of the soluble form of Protein 1a to the Triton-insoluble fraction. This cytoskeletal recruitment of Protein 1a is sustained only under conditions of excess WGA and occupied receptor. The CSK disruptive agent dihydrocytochalasin B (H₂CB) releases the insoluble form of the receptor into the Triton-soluble fraction. Investigation of a CSK-involving process such as ligand internalization revealed that CML granulocytes exhibit slower kinetics of internalization of fluorescent WGA molecules. Since Protein 1a is a major WGA receptor on the granulocyte surface, its decreased Triton solubility in CML granulocytes suggests that this may be one of the factors contributing to the defective receptor-mediated endocytosis of WGA by CML cells, arising as a consequence of altered membrane-CSK interaction — a nodal point in the signal transduction cascade.